American Foriegn Relations 1964-1968 with China Research Paper

American Foriegn Relations 1964-1968 with China - Research Paper Example restrictions on travel to and trade with the China mainland; 6) the U.S. response to French recognition of the People's Republic of China; and 7) U.S. policy concerning Tibet.1 Lyndon B. Johnson was the president of the United States during the above-stated period and the official policy towards the Peoples Republic of China was a continuation of the policies of the previous governments. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 The US had not yet recognized the Communist government in China and it was instead supporting the Nationalist government run by Chiang Kai-shek which was stationed in Taiwan. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 A ban was imposed by the US on its citizen from travelling to and trading with the Peoples Republic of China. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 America was also giving support to the Chiang kai-shek government to retain its seat in the United Nations. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 But at this juncture, it was becoming evident that the US will have to recognize the new communist government in China in the near future as the communists had been consolidating their influence over the country. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 On October 16, 1964, when China carried out its first nuclear explosion, it was a great matter of concern for the US. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 The US did not see China yet militarily as a nuclear threat but the very fact that China had entered the nuclear group of nations was quite alarming for the US. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 The US went on a busy mission to convince its public as well as its allies that Chinese nuclear tests were not a potential threat. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 The then US Secretary of State, Dean Rusk had even recommended prior to Chinese nuclear test that â€Å"should China test, the United States should consider providing India and Japan with nuclear weapons.† BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Meanwhile, in the US diplomatic circles, a demand for change was felt regarding the US opposition to the UN recognition of Peoples Republic of China. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 In 1964, the US General Assembly concluded with a tie vote regarding the issue and a resolution stating that China’s inclusion into the UN needs to be a decision with two-thirds majority was passed only with a very nominal margin of votes. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Giving recognition to both the Peoples Republic

Global Perspectives In Business B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global Perspectives In Business B - Essay Example In the working environment, the motivation of the employees will be determined by whether they are respected despite their cultural differences or not. Different cultures are vital in a business since they create synergy in an organization. This creativity comes about owing to the fact that such employees have different experiences. Any manager who wants to ensure success in his/her own organization should have a high cultural quotient. They should have the ability to recognize the cultural differences in their workforce, and treat it as an opportunity to take the organization to the next level. However, establishing an organization cultural assists in blending of the different cultures for creating a harmonious environment to work. Cultural quotient and communication Communication is one of the most important tools in any given organization (Herskovitz 1999, p.87). It determines the success and achievement of the organization’s goals. The managers have the responsibility of e nsuring that the vertical and horizontal communication takes place effectively (Johnson 2006, p.525). The former refers to the communication between the management and the employees. Horizontal on the other hand refers to the communication between employees. ... This difference should not be perceived as a source of conflict but as a way of achieving the goals of any organization. Communication is one of the main factors that may be destroyed when the manager fails to appreciate the cultural diversity (Hall 1999, p.202). The manager has different tasks that will enable him to fight ethnicity and racial prejudice in his/her organization. Firstly, there is need to focus on the main goals and mission of the organization. What is important is not where the individual is coming from but what they are able to offer once they are given the opportunity to work. Secondly, how the employees treat each other will largely be determined by the attitude of the management towards other cultural groups. For instance, if a manager has an impression that the whites are smarter than the blacks are, then this will be a source of problem that may cause the communication breakdown. This is because the attitude of the white towards the blacks in an organization wi ll not promote the cohesion needed to work as a team. To foster communication, fairness will be of paramount importance. Promotion for instance should be done on merit and not according to the cultural background of any given individual. Racial and ethnic prejudice should not appear when such rewards are being conducted by the organization. This will assist in eliminating the impression that certain cultures are stronger than others are. It is the actions that are carried out by the management that determine how the rest of the employees treat each other. It is vital to establish a strong working culture within the working environment. This is also a culture that ensures that all the cultural

Impact of obesity on womens health during pregnancy

Impact of obesity on womens health during pregnancy Obesity is a clinical term used to describe excess body fat. The most common method of measuring obesity is the Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is used because, for most people, it correlates with their amount of body fat. It is calculated by dividing a persons weight measurement (in kilograms) by the square of their height (in metres). a BMI of 30 or above means that person is considered to be obese (DoH, 2010). Rising rates Obesity is an increasing phenomenon worldwide. In 2008, the Health Survey for England (HSE) data showed that 61.4% of adults (aged 16 or above) in England were overweight and of these 24.5% were obese. They found this was an increase since 1993. In pregnancy- In pregnancy the incidence is around 18-19% in the United Kingdom (Kanagalingam et al, 2005). Between 2004 and 2007, 15% of all UK maternal deaths occurred in women with a BMI of more than 35, half of which had a BMI of over 40. Fifty-two per cent of deaths occurred in women with a BMI of over 25, which is classed as over-weight (Lewis, 2007) Dangers and complications- Obesity is a common risk factor in many conditions, especially metabolic (e.g. type 2 diabetes), circulatory (e.g. cardiovascular disease) and degenerative (e.g. osteoarthritis). For women, the risk of gynaecological complications, like endometrial cancer, infertility, menstrual disturbances and ovulation disorders, increase if the woman is obese. There are many significant risk factors during pregnancy that are affected by obesity. These include early miscarriage, gestational diabetes and pregnancy hypertension/pre-eclampsia (Andreasen et al, 2004/Duckitt et all, 2005/Erez-Weiss et al, 2005/Shaw et al, 2000), venous thromo-embolism and anaesthetic problems, e.g. tracheal intubation or epidural/spinal insertion (Irvine et al, 2006). If maternal complications develop the fetus/neonate is also at risk of neural tube defects (Shaw et al, 2000), late still birth (Irvine et al, 2006) and neonatal death (Kristensen et al, 2005), fetal macrosomia (Yogev et al, 2005), fetal trauma and neonatal unit admissions (Irvine et al, 2006). Obesity also causes issues pertaining to the value and reliability of certain aspects of care during the antenatal period. These include difficulties in performing amniocentesis (Irvine et al, 2006), difficulties in achieving venous access, difficulties in performing abdominal palpation (Farrell et al, 2002) and difficulties obtaining ultrasound data for fetal anomalies and growth (Martinez-Frais et al, 2005). There are significant risk factors due to obesity during the intrapartum period. These comprise increased rates of prolonged labour (Vahratian et al, 2004), risks associated with macrosomia e.g. shoulder dystocia (Irvine et al, 2006/Andreasen et al, 2004), increased rates of operative birth (Irvine et al, 2006/Fraser, 2006), especially for primigravida (Dempsey et al, 2005), difficulties in undertaking instrumental and operative procedures (Irvine et al, 2006/Andreasen et al, 2004) and difficulty siting an epidural or spinal for labour or caesarean section (Irvine et al, 2006). Postpartum related obesity issues consist of longer post-operative recovery times and increased rates of post-operative complications, e.g. infections of wounds and urinary tract (Irvine et al, 2006). Women who are obese during pregnancy exhibit a tendency to retain fat centrally on their abdomens postnatally, which may results in increased morbidity and mortality later in life (Soltani et al, 2002). Contraception choices will also be influenced by the presence of complications. Whilst out on my community placement, I was involved in the care of a woman who had a BMI of 52. We were caring for her postnatally after an elective caesarean section. Most likely due to her weight, the surgeon chose to use metal skin clips on her wound, rather than a suture (Irvine et al, 2006). On day five postnatally we were due to remove alternate staples. However, we could see the wound was still gapping and not fused closed so we left them for one more day. On day six we returned and removed the alternate clips with no problem. Irvine et al (2006) recommend an interrupted suture or skin clips on the basis that if a small haematoma or a localised area of infection develops, a few clips/sutures can be removed to aid resolution. When we revisited the woman on day eight, we found the wound to be very red, oozing puss and giving off a very offensive smell. The woman simply could not get any air to the wound, due to the over-hang of her stomach on to the wound. Even whilst lying down, the stomach still covered the area if it was not held up and supported. I feel this was an important factor to her getting a wound infection. Due to the over hanging of the pannus, women are significantly at increased risk of wound infection even if given postoperative prophylactic antibiotics (Irvine et al, 2006). Discuss differing health promotion strategies according to context of the case study Obesity levels in England have currently reached epidemic levels and Suffolk is consistent with this. Suffolk is below the average obesity level, but this varies across the county (Transforming Suffolk, 2008). A new project has been launched, called Healthy Ambition Suffolk to make Suffolk the healthiest county in the UK by 2028. Part of this includes tackling obesity. Governments 5 a day scheme In January 2009, the Government began a campaign in response to the rising rates of obesity. Change4Life is Englands first ever national social marketing campaign to promote healthy weight and supports the overall Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives strategy. One of Change4Lifes recommendations is to eat 5 A DAY as part of a healthy balanced diet (DoH, 2010). Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables everyday seems valuable, however it is hard to see exactly how this will help with the fight against obesity, unless it is thought that consuming more fruits and vegetables will transfer calories from other sources. Healthy start vouchers The Government has also introduced another health promotion strategy called Healthy Start. This consists of vouchers with a monetary value which can be used against fresh fruit and vegetables, fresh milk and also infant formula. Not every woman will be able to claim these, they are income assessed and women need to fit certain criteria (DoH, 2006). Dietian/nutritionalist referrals In accordance with the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2010), pregnant women with a body mass index of more than 30 will be under consultant led care and receive any additional care they require. Midwives should refer women to a dietician for assessment and advice on healthy eating and exercise. However, they should not recommend weight-loss during pregnancy (NICE, 2008). In 2003, a report on obesity by the House of Commons demanded six other government departments joined forces. These departments were: Department of health: Main responsibility as obesity is a public health issue. Department of culture, media and sport: For promoting sports and physical activity. Department for education and skills: To ensure that children get adequate physical education at schools and have access to food at schools. Department for transport: For making healthy transport policies to encourage cycling and walking. Department of environment, food and rural affairs: For farming and produce of healthy food. Department of trade and industry: For food manufacturing and retail industry Analyse concepts of poverty, disadvantage and inequality and the impact on childbearing women, babies and their families. There is evidence that maternal obesity is related to health inequalities, particularly socioeconomic deprivation, inequalities within ethnic groups and poor access to maternity services (Heslehurst et al 2007). Healthy food is often more expensive and gyms facilities and fitness classes are not readily available for low income families. Analyse and reflect upon the role of the midwife and other professionals in their contribution to the public health agenda The Faculty of Public Health define public health as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society (Acheson, 1988). Public health is about promoting physical, mental or emotional well-being by inspiring, educating and empowering the public to stay healthy (CSP, 2010). Midwives play a very important role in achieving this. When initially booking women for their pregnancy care, if there are any health concerns the midwife should advise and refer to other health professionals if necessary. The role of the midwife has evolved in recent years with more emphasis on a public health role (DoH, 1993). It is reasonable to expect that midwives should have a working knowledge of the effects obesity, as well as other common public health issues, including teenage pregnancy, drug and alcohol abuse and smoking. They should have an understanding of the common risks associated with obesity and what they should be able to offer by way of support (English National Board, 2001). The Saving Mothers Lives report (2003-2005) carried out by the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH) recommends that obese women should receive help to lose weight prior to conception. However, this is not always possible. I believe the Government are currently taking the correct steps to combat obesity. Whilst working on community and undertaking booking appointments, I have not actually seen women being referred for high BMIs. This is due to my Trust not taking a womans height and weight at the booking appointment so their BMI is unknown. These details are recorded when the women go for their 12 week dating scan. Therefore, referrals for high BMIs are carried out from the antenatal clinic. As midwives, we are used to managing women with complex needs in partnership with other agencies. I believe it is working within the multi-disciplinary team which gives the best care to women. The Royal College of Midwives (RCM) surveyed midwives and new mothers, which were published during Midwifery Week 2008. They showed that due to the shortage of midwives women are being short-changed on essential public health services and advice and are not getting the level and quality of service needed in areas such as obesity, smoking cessation, breast feeding and alcohol intake. The level of help that obese pregnant women are receiving is a cause for concern. Only 8% of women were offered help and advice, while the amount of women who said they would have liked to have had the service was 30%. The midwives surveys supported these findings, with only a fifth (22.5%) stating that they are able to offer or run obesity clinics, and 71% saying their Trust do not run them (RCM, 2008).

Role of Doctors Under Nazis :: essays research papers fc

Role of Doctors in Nazis Racial Hygiene Germany was out to establish a new utopian world order where everything worked in harmony. They wanted to become a healthy and vibrant organism of healthy Aryans. The German doctors were mobilized to create this new world. The German bureaucrats believed all their social burdens were brought on by the handicapped, incurables and homosexuals as well as the Jews and gypsies. The physicians were to use all their medical knowledge and scientific expertise in the treatment for their new world. The doctors had been led to believe in a brave new world, a biological superstate and committed their heinous crimes in its name. They were on a slippery slope that began of genetic perfectibility and ended with German superiority. How could this have happened in a society revered for its sophisticated culture and technological advances? The medical professionals of the early 20th century Weimar Republic were the best in the world. The Germans were pioneers in the areas of the medical field making technological strides and radical discoveries that significantly advanced the area of medicine. Aspiring medical scholars from the United States would routinely visit the University of Leipzig or the University of Berlin to study medicine in Germany and then go back to the United States to apply for study at Harvard. The medical pioneers also suffered from the effects of race, eugenics and euthanasia. Germany’s racial theories, often tainted with anti-Semitism, did not take place in a vacuum nor did they arise the moment the National Socialist Party took power. The work of many SS and Nazi doctors found support within the German medical community. This was especially true of those working in the field of eugenics or racial hygiene. At the turn of the century social Darwinism offered the hope of designing a new society where the fittest would survive and the weakest eliminated. Sound health, productivity and achievement would be the norms of developing this society. The science of eugenics was designed to improve the human race by controlling hereditary factors. Eugenicists firmly believed that through their discipline violence, crime, feeble-mindedness, genetic disease and other genetic illnesses could be removed from society. This could be done by cleansing the population of inferior racial traits by artificial selection, especially through sterilization. In the early part of the 20th century eugenics prospered in approximately 30 countries, notably America, England, Russia, Brazil, Mexico and Germany.

Corporate Veil

Introduction The main concept in the assignment is about corporate personality. First of all, we need to clarify the meaning and characteristics of company. In short, company means a body of persons combined for a common object. A company exist there must be a group of persons that more than 1 persons. In eyes of law, a company is a separate legal personality from its members. In Section 16(5) CA1965, it stated that a body corporate obligations and liabilities are its own, and not those of its participation; it can sue and be sued in its own name; the property is not the property of its participants; and company can enter into a contract. Whilst, we need to understand the types of Joe’s company belong to. In section 16(4), it stated that company divided into 4 types that are limited by shares, limited by guarantee, limited by guarantee and shares and the last one was unlimited companies. While Joe’s company belongs to company limited by shares, it means that member’s liability is limited to unpaid amount on the shares taken up by them, it stated in section 18(3) CA 1965. From the whole assignment, we need to identify whether corporate veil can be lifted in the particular situation. So, we need to obtain an understanding what is corporate veil. Corporate veil it can define as separates company from its members, or we can say that legal person (company) separate from its members. Since company is a separate entity with its members, the company has power to hold land, enjoys perpetual succession even the death of one of its member, the company will not dissolve. Next, we going to identify in what situation corporate veil will be lifted. Lifting the corporate veil it means that separation between company and its participants does not exist anymore. The court will lift the corporate veil when controllers behave some unethical behavior, or controllers concern about their interest much more than other parties’ interest. Corporate veil may be lifted either by the courts/case law or by statutory. Under case law it can be divided into 6 different categories, it shows as below: i. Fraud It means individual used the separate legal entity to do something forbidden from doing to avoid from legal obligation. ii. Agency It means authority or capacity of one person to create legal relations between a person occupying the position of principle and third parties. ii. Group of companies Group of companies means that corporate group structure; corporate veil is lifted to treat the parent company as liable for the acts of the subsidiary. iv. Single economic entities It means each company in a group of companies is a separate legal entity possessed of separate rights and liabilities v. Tax evasion Company trying to reduce tax by inter tran sfer their assets between subsidiary vi. Tortious claims It means allows lawsuits by people who claim that they have been harmed by wrongful acts, including negligence by government agencies or their employees. Under statutory, i. Section 36 Company Act 1965 By this section where the number of members of a company falls to one and the sole remaining member knowingly carries on business for a period longer than six months, he will be personally liable for the debts incurred after the first six months. ii. Section 121(1) & (2) Company Act 1965 By this section where an officer signs on behalf of the company, a cheque, promissory note etc, and the company’s name is not properly stated therein, he will be personally liable to the holder of that bill etc, if the company does not pay. ii. Section 67 Company Act 1965 A company cannot give financial assistance directly or indirectly to any person to purchase its own shares. iv. Section 169 Company Act 1965 Directors of a holding company are required to produce group accounts in which the assets, liabilities, profit and losses of the group as a whole are reflected. v. Section 140 Income Tax Act 1967 By this section the Director General of Inla nd Revenue may ignore any transaction or disposition which has the effect of avoiding or evading tax. vi. Section 365(2) Company Act 1965 If a dividend is paid when there are no profits available, every directors and manager of the company who willfully paid or permitted the payment of dividend is guilty of an offense. vii. Section 303(3) Company Act 1965 In the course of a winding up, it appears that an officer of a company who was party to the contracting of a debt had no reasonable expectation that the company would be able to pay the debt, the court may declare that the officer be liable for the payment of the whole or part of the debt. iii. Section 304(1) Company Act 1965 If in the course of a winding up it appears that the business of a company has been carried out on with the intent to defraud creditors or for any fraudulent purpose, the court, on the application of the liquidator, may declare that any persons who were knowing parties to the fraud are liable to make such contributions (if any) to the company’s assets as the court thinks proper.

McNally Andre’s Mother

Even coming from a Catholic background, Terrence McNally, a gay playwright, never felt that being a homosexual was wrong. He quotes, â€Å"It seemed very natural to me. I think something as natural as sexual attraction is not to be fought.† He goes on to say that he defined God on his own terms and that the one message he got from being in Catholic school was that we are all created equally in God’s image, therefore, he was going to be okay (Shulman). In 1988, McNally became one of the first writers to confront homosexuality in his short play titled Andre's Mother.Later, in 1997, he wrote â€Å"Corpus Christi,† which altered the story of Jesus Christ in a gay setting. This created controversy among the conservative, religious crowd but he did not give up there (Fulton). He went on to make a lasting impact on the lives of some people, making his plays become successful and highly populated in attendance. McNally treats the play Andre’s Mother in a shockingl y ordinary manner in order to normalize the subject of homosexuality given the time period in which it was written. Andre’s Mother is a short play portraying the hardships that come with suffering from the death of a loved one.Most people are familiar with the 5 stage process of dealing with a death—denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance (Axelrod). This process takes place no matter whom it was that died, whether it be a family member, friend, mutual friend, or significant other. Small details such as age, race, or sexual orientation would not affect the progression because it is a universal process. In this short play, Andre, who recently passed, was gay, and Cal, Andre’s lover, must cope with this major loss. McNally chooses to deal with homosexuality in the circumstance of a death because it is a relatable feeling of numbness.Both Arthur and Penny seemingly have very little to do with the play. However, they actually play essential roles in McN ally’s representation of his personal view on homosexuality. Arthur and Penny both come from Cal’s side of the relationship, Arthur being Cal’s father and Penny his sister. Both relatives know about Cal’s relationship and are exceptionally accepting. McNally intentionally puts them into the play for that reason. He shows that regardless of the time period that this play was written in, there are still going to be understanding people. â€Å"In my clumsy way, I'm trying to say how much I liked Andre. And how much he helped me to know my own boy.Cal was  always two hands full but Andre and I could talk about anything under the sun. My wife was very fond of him, too† (McNally 967). This is Arthur voicing his internal thoughts. It adds a lot to the play by showing that Cal’s father not only accepts his son’s relationship, but is also happy for him that he can be happy truly being himself. Penny likewise makes it obvious that she accepts her brother’s relationship when she says, â€Å"God forgive me for wishing you were straight every time I laid eyes on you. But if any man was going to have you, I'm glad it was my brother!† (McNally 968).She is surely expressing her approval of Andre but more importantly, McNally added this line in for a bit of comic relief. Homosexuality is a controversial topic, but by putting this in there, McNally is trying to make light of the issue by making a joke. Andre’s Mother was written in the 1900’s, a time when homosexuality was still a disgrace to many people. The fact that McNally chose to address Andre and Cal’s relationship was a questionable and unpopular thought at first. Especially since he went into such major detail with it, having Cal speak to Andre’s mother about how important Andre was to him.Since this play was intended for a big audience, it confirms that McNally was trying to spread his perspective on homosexuality. Him being g ay, gives him emotional ties to the subject matter that he intends and wishes to extend to the general population of people. Although the play deals with AIDS, a commonly associated disease with gay people, the main theme of the play has nothing to do with AIDS. In fact it has everything to do with the acceptance of a person and the happiness that comes with realizing that the person is not afraid of being who he/she is. Andre’s mother was never give a name throughout the play. McNally purposefully did so to emphasize her feelings toward the death of her son.Andre never told his mother about Cal out of fear that he would not be accepted by her. The end of the play shows that Andre’s mother comes to a realization that being gay doesn’t change anything about a person. This helps McNally’s point that a gay person is still a person, and more importantly, a vulnerable person who doesn’t deserve what they have to go through because they cannot change who they are. Due to the nature of McNally’s past and the manner in which Andre’s Mother was written, it is clear that he is attempting to ignore the wide spread controversy that is associated with the theme of homosexuality. He does this by taking a risk and performing a play that it is not socially acceptable to do so.It shows a lot about McNally’s character because he is not afraid to be different and promote something that could potentially cause him to lose many viewers. And he did an extraordinary job in doing so because he became a very successful playwright and was even praised for his bravery (â€Å"Terrence McNally†). By recognizing McNally’s character choice and the fact that this was written in the late 1900’s when homosexuality was not viewed as acceptable, it is tangible to say that McNally was trying to normalize the subject of homosexuality in his play, Andre’s Mother.